Global Public Health Perspectives (GPHP)

Analysis of Hospital Wastewater Quality Based on Physical and Chemical Parameters at the UPTD RSD dr. H. Soemarno Sosroatmodjo in 2025

Undang Trisnadi — 2026-07-28

ABSTRACT

Hospital wastewater contains various chemical substances and pathogenic microorganisms that have the potential to pollute the environment and negatively impact public health. This study aims to analyze the quality of hospital wastewater at UPTD RSD dr. H. Soemarno Sosroatmodjo in 2025 based on physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters compared with the quality standards stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (Permen LHK) of the Republic of Indonesia No. 68 of 2016. This research employed a quantitative descriptive design with a laboratory analysis approach. The population consisted of all wastewater quality test results from July to December 2025, while the sample included secondary data from laboratory test results covering seven main parameters: pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), oil and grease, ammonia, and total coliform. The research variables were the measured values of each parameter compared with the quality standard limits. The research instrument was the validated laboratory test report issued by UPTD RSD dr. H. Soemarno Sosroatmodjo. Data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis by comparing each test result with the quality standard thresholds to evaluate the compliance and effectiveness of the hospital’s wastewater treatment system. The results showed that all parameters remained below the quality standard limits, indicating that the hospital wastewater treatment system operated effectively. However, fluctuations in COD and ammonia values indicate the need for regular monitoring and consistent maintenance of the wastewater treatment units.

Characteristics of Tuberculosis Patients at Okaba Community Health Center, Merauke Regency, 2023-2025

Haryanto — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Eastern Indonesia, particularly South Papua Province, faces a double burden of infectious diseases with a still high incidence of Tuberculosis (TB). Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients at the primary care level are vital indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of breaking the chain of transmission. This study aims to analyze the demographic (age, gender) and clinical (anatomical location of the disease) characteristics of TB patients treated at the Okaba Community Health Center in 2025. The research is an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted using secondary medical record data. Sampling used the Total Sampling technique on all registered patients from January 2023 to December 2025 by looking at characteristics based on gender, TB disease classification, and age of TB sufferers. Of the 87 study subjects, a relatively balanced gender distribution was found with details of 43 men (49.4%) and 44 women (50.6%). A total of 80 patients (91.9%) were diagnosed with pulmonary TB, while 7 patients (8.1%) were found with extrapulmonary TB. Demographically, the majority of patients were concentrated in the productive working age range. The large number of pulmonary TB cases indicates that the caseload at Okaba Community Health Center is infectious, which increases the risk of aerogen transmission in the community. Public health interventions should focus on protecting close contacts in the workplace and household.

Analysis Of Domestic And Clinical Liquid Waste Quality At Dr. H. Jusuf Regional Hospital In 2025

Putri Regina R Tampubolon — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Hospital liquid waste is a potential environmental pollutant if not properly managed. Dr. H. Jusuf Regional Hospital generates domestic and clinical liquid waste that requires treatment through a Wastewater Treatment Plant to meet government quality standards. This study aimed to analyze the quality of domestic and clinical liquid waste from January to December 2025, evaluate compliance with regulatory standards, and compare the characteristics of the two types of waste. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach with routine monthly sampling and laboratory analysis of physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, including pH, BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease, ammonia, and total coliform. Clinical waste was further analyzed for sulfide, phenol, zinc, nitrate, nitrite, and fluoride to provide a comprehensive profile. Results showed that all main parameters of domestic waste were below regulatory thresholds, with pH 6.57–8.35, BOD 2.64–11.51 mg/L, COD 10.19–43.98 mg/L, TSS 7–29 mg/L, oil and grease 0.10–1.68 mg/L, ammonia <0.01–0.5 mg/L, and total coliform 0–51.8 counts/100 mL. Additional clinical waste parameters were also low and safe. These findings confirm that wastewater management through the hospital’s treatment plant is effective and does not pose significant environmental risks. Routine monitoring and capacity enhancement of the treatment facility remain necessary to maintain environmental quality and public health.

Open Waste Burning And Health Risks In Indonesia: A 2020–2025 Literature Review

Marini Gerson — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Open waste burning remains a persistent environmental health challenge in many low- and middle-income settings, including Indonesia, where gaps in waste collection, limited landfill capacity, and household-level disposal practices contribute to routine burning of mixed waste streams. This article aims to synthesize 2020–2025 English-language literature on open waste burning with a focus on environmental health risks, exposure pathways, and practical interventions relevant to Indonesian contexts. A qualitative literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed journal articles and selected authoritative reports published between 2020 and 2025. The review prioritized studies addressing emission characterization, toxic pollutant profiles, exposure assessment, and associated health outcomes. Findings indicate that open burning of mixed waste especially plastics and composite materials generates substantial fine particulate matter and toxic co-pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acidic gases, and persistent organic pollutants, which elevate risks for respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and contribute to longer-term cancer risk. Evidence also highlights environmental contamination through ash deposition and resuspension of contaminated particulates. Effective mitigation requires integrated strategies: reliable waste collection, source segregation, safer treatment for organics, targeted risk communication, and governance measures that align enforcement with service provision. The article concludes with actionable recommendations for campus and community programs, local governments, and public health stakeholders to reduce open burning and protect population health.

Knowledge Practice Gap in Hypertension Prevention Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Descriptive Study

Kartika Dian Pertiwi — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is now affecting not only the elderly but also adolescents and young adults. College students, as educated youth, have extensive access to health information, but do not necessarily consistently implement preventive behaviors. This gap between knowledge and behavior is a crucial issue in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge and behavior of adolescents regarding hypertension prevention and analyze the gap between the two. This study used a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 92 college students aged 18–24 years who were selected purposively. Data were collected through a questionnaire covering respondent characteristics, knowledge level, and hypertension prevention behavior. Analysis was conducted descriptively using frequency distributions and percentages. A total of 72.8% of respondents had good knowledge regarding hypertension prevention, 26.1% had sufficient knowledge, and 1.1% had insufficient knowledge. However, only 44.6% of respondents demonstrated good hypertension prevention behavior, while 47.8% had sufficient knowledge, and 7.6% had insufficient knowledge. These results indicate a gap between knowledge and practice of hypertension prevention. Although adolescents' knowledge about hypertension prevention is considered good, their preventive behavior is not yet in line. Sedentary lifestyle factors, academic stress, and a lack of campus support contribute to this gap. Behavior-based interventions and participatory health promotion in higher education settings are needed to narrow this knowledge-practice gap.

The Role Of Community Health Centers In Improving Early Detection Of Tuberculosis (DENI TB) At The Long Alango Community Health Center, Bahau Hulu District, Malinau Regency In 2026

Elias Sarunan — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are the main cause of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. TB can spread through secretions released by patients with respiratory diseases from their throats and lungs, which can cause bloody coughing in advanced stages. This study aims to improve early detection of TB cases through a program implemented at the Long Alango Community Health Center (UPTD Puskesmas Long Alango) using active and passive methods. This qualitative study used purposive sampling to select informants. Data for this study were collected through in-depth interviews and observations, as well as documentation of the informants' daily activities. The results of the study show that TB cases are detected through passive and active methods. The passive method is carried out by examining patients who come to the health center with TB symptoms through sputum examination, then undergoing treatment for six months if they test positive. The active method is carried out through household contact examination, Early Detection of Tuberculosis (DENI TB) screening, and the role of village midwives and TB cadres. Screening is conducted door-to-door by collecting sputum samples from residents. The Long Alango Community Health Center (UPTD Puskesmas Long Alango) plays an important role as the frontline of health services in remote and border areas, particularly in the early detection of tuberculosis through the Early Detection of Tuberculosis (DENI TB) program. Case detection is carried out actively and passively by involving community leaders, village governments, integrated health service posts (posyandu), and recording through SITB. This proactive approach enables more effective TB case detection and treatment. However, its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of limited numbers of cadres, health workers, facilities, and difficult access to the region.

Smoking Behavior Among Schoolchildren in Permata Kecubung Subdistrict in 2025

Imra’atul Azizah — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a global health problem responsible for the majority of deaths worldwide. One of the main risk factors for NCDs is smoking, which is on the rise among school-aged children in Indonesia. Early initiation of smoking is a serious concern because it can cause organ damage and increase the risk of long-term dependence. This study aims to describe smoking behavior among schoolchildren in Permata Kecubung Subdistrict. The study employs an observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The study subjects consisted of 494 students from elementary, junior high, and senior high schools selected using purposive sampling based on the completeness of 2025 screening data. The variables examined included smoking behavior, gender, educational level, type of cigarette, and smoking intensity. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 5.1% of students engaged in smoking behavior, all of whom used conventional cigarettes with an average consumption intensity of 1–3 cigarettes per day. Smoking prevalence increased with age, with the highest proportions among high school students (18.6%) and 10th graders (32.2%). Statistically, there was a significant association between educational level and gender with smoking behavior (p<0.05), with male students being more prevalent as smokers compared to females. It is concluded that smoking behavior among schoolchildren is closely related to educational level and gender, with a higher risk among male students at higher educational levels. There is a need for educational programs and the enforcement of Smoke-Free Zones (SFZs) in schools.

Relationship of Work, Environmental, and Individual Factors with Eye Fatigue Complaints in Batik Tulis Workers

Olinatia Phasya Asifadila — 2026-07-31

ABSTRAK

Background: Batik tulis work requires high visual precision with close viewing distance and long work duration, posing a risk of eye fatigue. Common complaints include sore eyes, blurred vision, and difficulty focusing. Globally, the prevalence of eye fatigue symptoms ranges from 67-70%, and can exceed 90% in certain groups. Research in Pakistan found approximately 48% of respondents experienced eye fatigue. A preliminary study on batik workers found 60% of respondents experienced similar complaints. If uncontrolled, this condition may reduce productivity, work quality, and worker health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between work, environmental, and individual factors with eye fatigue complaints among batik tulis workers. Methods: Observational analytical research with a cross-sectional approach was conducted on 35 batik tulis workers at the Semarang City batik center using purposive sampling. Independent variables included age, length of work per day, working period, eye-to-object distance, and lighting intensity, while the dependent variable was eye fatigue complaints. Data analysis used Chi-Square test, Fisher's Exact Test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 42.9% of respondents experienced eye fatigue complaints. There was a significant relationship between working time per day (p=0.005) and eye-to-object distance (p=0.000) with eye fatigue complaints. Age, working period, and lighting intensity did not show a significant relationship. Conclusion: Working time and non-ergonomic viewing distance are related to eye fatigue in batik tulis workers. Prevention should focus on regulating working duration and implementing ergonomic viewing distance.

Overview Of Hypertension Cases In North Kalimantan Province

Intan Dwiningtyastuti — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Hypertension remains one of the major non-communicable diseases contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, including in North Kalimantan. This study aims to provide an overview of hypertension cases in North Kalimantan Province based on the distribution of new cases, existing cases, and mortality cases. The study employed a descriptive approach using secondary data obtained from hypertension reports across five regencies/cities in North Kalimantan Province. The findings revealed that Tarakan recorded the highest number of new hypertension cases, while Nunukan Regency had the highest number of existing cases. Meanwhile, the highest mortality cases were identified in Bulungan Regency. The increase in new cases was associated with lifestyle changes, including high sodium intake, physical inactivity, smoking habits, and stress, as well as improved screening programs. Existing cases reflected the chronic nature of hypertension and the challenges related to medication adherence. Mortality cases were primarily caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications resulting from uncontrolled hypertension and delayed treatment. Several contributing factors influencing hypertension cases in North Kalimantan include genetic predisposition, unhealthy lifestyle patterns, limited healthcare access in remote areas, and low public awareness regarding routine health screening. Therefore, strengthening promotive and preventive strategies, expanding community-based screening programs, improving medication adherence, and enhancing emergency healthcare services are essential to reduce the burden of hypertension and its complications in North Kalimantan Province.

Evaluation of Drilled Well Water Quality Based on Physical and Chemical Parameters at the Buyat Community Health Center (UPTD Puskesmas), East Bolaang Mongondow Regency

Hanief Prasetya Paputungan — 2026-07-31

ABSTRACT

Clean water is a vital component of healthcare services, supporting sanitation, infection prevention, and the operational activities of healthcare facilities. The use of boreholes as the primary water source remains common in primary healthcare facilities, including those in East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This study aims to evaluate the quality of borehole water based on physical and chemical parameters and to compare it with applicable quality standards. The study employed a descriptive observational design conducted over one month at the Buyat Community Health Center (UPTD Puskesmas). The study sample consisted of drinking water collected from the main borehole. The parameters examined included pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and iron (Fe) concentration. The measurement results showed a pH valite of 7.5, a TDS value of 161 mg/L, and an iron (Fe) concentration of 0.04 mg/L. All parameters met the quality standards based on applicable regulations. Thus, the quality of borehole water at the Buyat

Community Health Center (UPTD Puskesmas) is deemed suitable for supporting health services and sanitation activities.