Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah Terhadap Kasus Tuberkulosis di Indonesia: Systematic Literature Review
Keywords:
Tuberkulosis, Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah, Indonesia, Tinjauan SistematisAbstract
ABSTRAK
Tuberkulosis (TBC) merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi paling mematikan di dunia, dengan lebih dari 10 juta orang terdampak setiap tahunnya, dan berdasarkan Laporan Global TBC Tahun 2024, Indonesia menempati posisi kedua dengan kontribusi 10% kasus dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepadatan penghuni rumah dengan kejadian TBC di Indonesia melalui pendekatan tinjauan sistematis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan meninjau artikel-artikel observasional yang menggunakan desain case-control dan cross-sectional, yang dipublikasikan dalam rentang waktu antara tahun 2015 hingga 2025. Artikel-artikel relevan diperoleh dari basis data PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar, dengan kualitas publikasi yang dinilai menggunakan JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Dari 1.369 artikel yang ditemukan, sebanyak 21 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis lebih lanjut. Hasil sintesis tematik menunjukkan bahwa dari 21 studi yang dianalisis, sebanyak 14 studi melaporkan hubungan signifikan antara kepadatan hunian dan kejadian tuberkulosis, sedangkan 7 studi tidak menemukan hubungan yang signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan hunian merupakan faktor risiko dominan, meskipun dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan lain seperti ventilasi, kelembapan, dan perilaku penghuni. Implikasi kebijakan dari temuan ini adalah perlunya intervensi berbasis lingkungan, termasuk pengaturan standar kepadatan hunian, peningkatan kualitas ventilasi rumah, serta penguatan edukasi masyarakat dalam pencegahan penularan tuberkulosis di lingkungan masyarakat.
Kata kunci: Tuberkulosis, Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah, Indonesia, Tinjauan Sistematis
ABSTRACT .
Tuberculosis (TBC) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases globally, with over 10 million people affected each year. According to the 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report, Indonesia ranks second, contributing 10% of global cases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between household crowding and TBC incidence in Indonesia through a Systematic Review approach. The method employed in this study involved reviewing observational articles using case-control and cross-sectional designs published between 2015 and 2025. Relevant articles were sourced from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, with publication quality assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Out of 1.369 articles identified, 21 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed further. The synthesis results indicate that out of 21 studies analyzed, 14 reported a significant association between household crowding and tuberculosis incidence, while 7 studies found no significant relationship. These findings suggest that household crowding is a dominant risk factor, although it is influenced by other environmental determinants such as ventilation, humidity, and residents’ behavior. The policy implications of these findings highlight the need for environment-based interventions, including the regulation of housing density standards, improvement of household ventilation quality, and strengthening community education to prevent the transmission of tuberculosis in community.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Household Crowding, Indonesia, Systematic Review
References
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2025 [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2026 Apr 14]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/e97dd6f4-b567-4396-8680-717bac6869a9/content
2. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Program Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis [Internet]. Jakarta; 2024 [cited 2025 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.tbindonesia.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Laporan-Program-Penanggulangan-TBC-2023_Final.pdf
3. Lee JY, Kwon N, Goo G yeon, Cho S il. Inadequate housing and pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 1;22(1).
4. Fauziah R, Suparmi, Siahaan S. Housing Conditions and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Incidence : A Case Control Study. RUHS J Heal Sci. 2023;
5. Kenu S, Teklu T, Bisetegn FS, Alemu G. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among people who ecprience homelessness living in selected towns in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2025 Dec 1;44(1).
6. Banholzer N, Zürcher K. Estimating Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a South African clinic: Spatiotemporal model based on person movements. 2025; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012823.g001
7. Fitria ON, Rahayu DA. Faktor Risiko Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Kepadatan Hunian dan Kualitas Fisik Rumah Penderita TB Paru. journals.uima.ac.id [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: https://journals.uima.ac.id/index.php/jikm/article/view/2742
8. Ul Husna N, Sari W, Alamsyah A, Rasyid Z. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Tuberculosis Paru Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rumbai Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Tahun 2019: kejadian Tuberculosis. jurnal.htp.ac.id [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Nov 19];6(2):211–7. Available from: https://jurnal.htp.ac.id/index.php/keskom/article/view/410
9. Fanesa Febrilia S, Lapau B, Zaman K, Rustam M. Hubungan Faktor Manusia dan Lingkungan Rumah Terhadap Kejadian Tuberkulosis di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rejosari Kota Pekanbaru. jurnal.htp.ac.id [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: https://jurnal.htp.ac.id/index.php/keskom/article/view/618
10. Diniarti F, Felizita E, . H. PENGARUH KEPADATAN HUNIAN RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BASUKI RAHMAD KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN 2019. J Nurs Public Heal [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Nov 19];7(2):1–7. Available from: http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1706189&val=18528&title=PENGARUH KEPADATAN HUNIAN RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BASUKI RAHMAD KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN 2019
11. Siregar FA, Makmur T. The Role of Socio-Cultural and Environmental Risk Factors on The Incidence of Tuberculosis Infection. In 2019. p. 11–7. Available from: http://tiikmpublishing.com/data/conferences/doi/icoph/24246735.2018.4202.pdf
12. Amirus K, Herleni E. Pengaruh Kualitas Fisik Rumah dan Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah terhadap Penyakit Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kalibalangan Kabupaten Lampung Utara. ejurnalmalahayati.ac.id [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Nov 19];6(2). Available from: https://www.ejurnalmalahayati.ac.id/index.php/duniakesmas/article/view/487
13. Dani A, Care AS-CH, 2020 U. Physical environment factors with events of home lung tuberculosis in public health Bonto Bahari. ojs.stikespanritahusada.ac.id [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Nov 19];3(3). Available from: http://www.ojs.stikespanritahusada.ac.id/index.php/chc/article/view/355
14. Husniar K, Ikhtiar M, Sulaeman U, Lingkungan PK, Masyarakat K. Faktor Kondisi Lingkungan Rumah Sebagai Determinan Kejadian Penyakit Tuberkolosis Paru Di Wilayah Puskesmas Pampang. 1031333691 [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 2];6(2):254–65. Available from: http://103.133.36.91/index.php/woph/article/view/2139
15. Siregar N, Lubis J. Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Lingkungan Rumah dengan Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru (TB) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pargarutan. download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=2948074&val=26129&title=Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Lingkungan Rumah dengan Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru TB di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pargarutan
16. A Armiatin. Hubungan kondisi fisik rumah dengan kejadian tuberkulosis paru (TB paru) di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kuala Kecamatan Kuala Kabupaten Bireuen tahun 2021. J Cakrawala Ilm [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: https://www.bajangjournal.com/index.php/JCI/article/view/5289
17. Marbun RI. Korelasi Keadaan Rumah dengan Kejadian Penyakit TBC Paru. J Ris Rumpun Ilmu Kedokt [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: https://prin.or.id/index.php/JURRIKE/article/view/410
18. Rahmatullah S, Rahmawati, Arifin. Environmental Risk Factors and Tuberculosis Transmission: A Case-Control Study in Batu Mandi District South Kalimantan [Internet]. Global Health and Environmental Perspectives. 2024. Available from: https://riverstudies.id/index.php/ghep
19. Kusniawati N, S Susaldi. Ventilasi Rumah, Kepadatan Hunian dan Kebiasaan Merokok Berhubungan dengan Kejadian TB Paru di Puskesmas Kabupaten Bogor. journals.poltekesbph.ac.id [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: https://journals.poltekesbph.ac.id/index.php/pertiwi/article/view/114
20. Karlina N, Aris M, Sendra E, Sanaky J, Yulia M. Hubungan Status Ekonomi dan Kondisi Fisik Lingkungan Rumah dengan Kejadian TB Paru. jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 19];6(2). Available from: https://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org/ojs-2.4.8-3/index.php/ensiklopedia/article/view/2220
21. Sebagai D, Satu S, Untuk S, Gelar M, Kesehatan S, Program M, et al. FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SIDOMULYO. download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Nov 19]; Available from: http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1074059&val=16171&title=FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KRJADIAN TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SIMALINGKAR MEDAN
22. Laila Febgriantie., Ani Rosita. dan AD. Hubungan Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah Dengan Penularan Tuberculosis Paru di Balai Besar Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat Makassar Tahun 2012. Glob Heal Sci [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2025 Nov 29];2(2):325–31. Available from: http://www.jurnal.csdforum.com/index.php/GHS/article/view/139
23. Nurbaya, Erminawati J 1. Association Between Housing Density and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevalence in a Coal Mining Area of South Kalimantan, Indonesia [Internet]. Global Health and Environmental Perspectives. 2023. Available from: https://riverstudies.id/index.php/ghephttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=id&user=ntlDXPIAAAAJ
24. Azizah N, Pahruddin M, Politeknik Kesehatan Banjarmasin N, Kesehatan Lingkungan J. PENGARUH SANITASI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH DAN KEPADATAN HUNIAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MARTAPURA 2 KABUPATEN BANJAR [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://jurnal.karyagenerasisehat.com
25. Perwitasari D, Simarmata OS, Pangaribuan L, Tejayanti T, Lolong DB, Kristina K, et al. Prevalence and Physical Environmental Conditions as Risk Factor for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Indonesia 2015. Glob J Health Sci. 2021 May 9;13(6):36.
26. Lestari FNA, Widiarini R, Abidin Z. The Effect of Close Contact History and Housing Density on the Incidence of Tuberculosis in the Lembeyan Health Center Area, Magetan Regency [Internet]. Vol. 3, Asian Journal of Healthy and Science. 2025. Available from: https://ajhsjournal.ph/index.php/gp
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Pro Health Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.
- The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, RTF, or WordPerfect document file format.
- Below the abstract, about three to five keywords should appear together with the main body of the article with the font size 11.
- Institutional affiliations, and the email address of the corresponding author should appear only on a detachable cover sheet.
- If submitting to a peer-reviewed section of the journal, the instructions in Ensuring a Blind Review have been followed.
- Citation is done using bracket (last name and year of publication). When the sources are cited verbatim, page number is included (p. 78 or pp. 78-89).
